PERU: DIE - Special Investigative Division - part of Peru's internal security network.DIGIMINT - Interior Ministry Intelligence Division - part of Peru's internal security and counterintelligence network.DINCOTE - Counter-terrorism Directorate - the section of the Peruvian National Police responsible for combatting Sendero Luminoso [Shining Path] and the Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru (MRTA).DIRSEG - State Security Directorate - Peru.SNI - National Information System of Peru.
POLAND: BOR - Personal Security Bureau - Polish physical security service for the president and other high officials; formed after the breakup of the SB in 1990; headed in April 1993 by Colonel Miroslaw Gawor.KOK - National Defense Committee - Polish intelligence and security directorate; transformed into RBN in January 1991.RBN - National Security Council, replaced the KOK, founded January 1991. Polish national security council under presidential [Lech Walesa] direction; devised the reorganization plans for a National Guard, removing military units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Poland and assuming some functions of the Border Guard, police and fire brigade in dealing with disturbances, natural disaster and combatting terrorism. Headed [till June 1994] by Jerzy Milewski, who simultaneously was deputy minister of national defense, and is the father-in-law of Andrzej Kozakiewicz, 37, one of Lech Waleas's closest aides and his economic secretary. In June 94, Walesa appointed as RBN head Henryk Goryszewski, former vice president of the Christian National Union (ZChN) and a reserve military officer.
SB - Security Service; reorganized in February 1990 as the UOP. UOP - Office of State Protection [Office for State Security] - the post-Communist Polish intelligence service formed in February 1990 to replace the SB. In 1994, when President Lech Walesa decided to replace UOP chief Jerzy Konieczny, his replacement choice was Poland's premier spymaster, Marian Zacharsky. Masquerading as a Polish businessman, Zacharsky ran an American spy called William Bell, who stole the plans for U.S. advanced radars on the F-15 fighter, the Patriot anti-missile system and the then-proposed Stealth aircraft. Zacharsky was arrested by the FBI in 1981, sentenced to life and traded back to the Polish Communist regime in 1985. The U.S. government objected strongly to Zacharsky's promotion. Three days after being named as UOP chief, Zacharsky was forced out.Ze-2 - Poland's "G-2" military intelligence service.
PORTUGAL: DGS - General Directorate of Security - Portuguese internal security.DINFO - Portugal's Military Intelligence Division.PIDE/DGS - International and State Defense Police/General Security Directorate, Portuguese internal security.PVDE - Surveillance and State Defense Police - Portuguese internal security.SIED - Defense Strategic Intelligence Service, analytical functions of Portuguese military intelligence (SIM).SIM - Military Intelligence Service of Portugal.SIS - Serviìo de InformaìÖes e Seguranìa - Intelligence and Security Service - Portugal's foreign intelligence.
ROMANIA: DIE - Foreign Information Department, Romania's foreign intelligence service under Nicolae Ceausescu, who was executed in putsch on December 25, 1989.Securitate - [Security], Romania; reorganized, 1990.SIE - Foreign Intelligence Service - post-Ceausescu.SRI - Romanian Intelligence Service - the current name. The SRI director since 1991 [nominated by the president and confirmed by the parliament] is Virgil Magureanu. In May 1992, the National Conference of the Romanian Journalists' Association (AZR) demanded Magureanu's resignation after a reporter was forced to resign because he was a former Securitate informer. The SRI maintains relations with corresponding intelligence services, and has hosted Russia's SVRR chief, Yevgeni Primakov.
RUSSIA: CHEKA - Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counterrevolution, Speculation and Sabotage founded by Lenin on December 20, 1917, days after the Bolshevik putsch, with Feliks Dzerzhinsky as its chief. The name was simplified as the Vserosiiskaya Chrezvychainaya Kommissiya (VChK). In the late 1980s, amidst glasnost, an American foreign-policy official who visited the KGB administrative headquarters in the Lubyanka was pre- sented with a small bust of Dzerzhinsky. "My favorite Pole!" he exclaimed. "How so?" asked the KGB's public relations chief. The response, "He killed more Russians than all other foreigners put together." Not funny to the Russians who estimate 40 to 60 million people died in the gulags, forced labor camps, deportations, famines and tations, famines and executions carried out by the Chekists. The term is still used for the members of Russia's "organs of state security" and December 20 even now is an unofficial holiday celebrating the secret police.
FAPSI - Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the president - FAPSI, established by a Boris Yeltsin decree of December 24, 1991, is the first Russian officially acknowledged electronic intelligence (ELINT) organization. It was carved from the former KGB and put under the command of Lieutenant General Aleksandr V. Starovoytov.FPS - Federal Border Service - The FPS was formerly the KGB Chief Directorate of Border Guards. The Border Guards were cut out as a separate service in December 1991, placed in the Security Ministry, then on December 30, 1993, Yeltsin issued another edict making the guards a sepa-rate organization. An edict of January 10, 1994, put the FPS under presidential control. Colonel General Andrey Nikolayev is its chief. The FPS has ministerial status and membership in Yeltsin's Security Council.
FSB - Federal Security Service. On February 15, 1995, the Russian State Duma [parliament] changed the name of the FSK and charged it with responsibility for intelligence, counterintelligence and the "fight against all types of crime." FSK - Federal Counterintelligence Service, formed from the KGB's Second Chief Directorate by decree of Boris Yeltsin on December 21, 1993, headed by Security Minister Nikolay Golushko (simultaneously, the Security Ministry was dissolved). In 1994, Golushko was replaced by Sergey Stepashin. The FSK had half the former staff of the Security Ministry and was to concentrate on combatting foreign intelligence activities on Russian soil, terrorism, drugs and weapons. FSK Deputy Director and Moscow FSK Chief Yevgeny Savostyanov was fired by Yeltsin on December 2, 1994, just two hours after he went personally with an armed FSK force to the Most Bank at request of its chairman Vladimir Gusinsky [a flamboyant Jewish millionaire, who is a main financial backer of the YAVBLOKO parliamentary group] to find out the identity of the armed raiders. The raiders turned out to be the Presidential Security Service (SBP) under General Korzhakov plus, perhaps, some forces from the GUO.
GRU - Main Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet General Staff. The top generals of the GRU traditionally are taken from the KGB. The GRU is said to have had primary responsibility, along with the military intelligence agencies of the Warsaw Pact countries, for managing the training of members of terrorist and so-called national liberation movements during the 1970s and 1980s. Western counter-intelligence agencies state that GRU espionage and technology acquisition is as energetic as ever.GUO - Main Directorate for Protection, Yeltsin's separate presidential security organ. In his 1994 autobiography, Yeltsin noted that in August 1991, leader of the KGB Ninth Chief Directorate, that included the Kremlin bodyguards of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, controlled all security and communications and thus General Plekhanov was able to isolate Gorbachev during the coup attempt. Wrote Yeltsin, because of Plekhanov's treachery, "we were simply afraid to take career bodyguards."
The GUO was formed by a Yeltsin edict early in 1992 combining the Kremlin Commandant's Office and the former KGB Ninth Chief Directorate. The GUO chief is former Kremlin Commandant Mikhail Barsukov. The GUO and the Sluzhba Bezopasnosti Prezidenta [Presidential Security Service] conduct joint measures and share a number of support services. Both GUO and SBP provide physical security teams to guard Russia's leaders, their offices, cars, apartments, dachas, institutions, ministries and departments, plus a whole range of secret "objects of state importance" that include sanatoriums and vacation homes received by the president as gifts from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) before Yeltsin banned it.According to Moscow sources, both the GUO and SBP are involved in surveillance operations, videotaping with hidden cameras and monitoring telephone conversations. Also there are reports of unconventional methods, such as a woman named Dzhuna who terms herself a "channeler of bio-energy" and is said to influence Yeltsin by way of astrology.The GUO and SBP have their own analytical subdivision, whose work extends to the political and economic situation in the country. The prime analysis center is located outside the Kremlin at 5 Varvarka Street which houses a staff of some sixty people, it is under the supervision of SBP deputy chief Georgiy Rogozin, who previously had worked for the KGB's Fifth Directorate. Rogozin's work was initially concerned with operations against dissidents, but later was said to involve matters such as extrasensory perception and telepathy in order to divert the attention of people from politics.
The GUO is estimated to have a staff of 25,000, of whom some 5,000 are assigned to the SBP. The pay of the GUO lower ranks is about one and half times that of their colleagues from the other special services. GUO officers earn three times as much as officers of equal rank in the Federal Counterintelligence Service and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The GUO budget for 1995 is reported to be 600 billion rubles, approximately the same amount as allocated to the entire Russian Procuracy that employs more than 40,000 people.
Comparatively, the former GGB Ninth Chief Directorate had some 8,700 personnel; and the entire KGB, some 35,000. The "Niners" provided guards to both people and facilities across the entire Soviet Union, with between ten and twenty guards being assigned to the entire Moscow "nomenklatura" dacha settlement; now every dacha is guarded by up to 20 GUO officers with the numbers of dachas increasing as state bureaucrats proliferate. Each politician provided with protection has, on average, several dozen bodyguards, with the prime minister and General Korzhakov having more than a hundred each. The GUO and SBP are both provided with electronic communications and have been issued with Val silent combat assault rifles. The GUO includes the Alpha special purpose unit that operationally is under the command of Korzhakov, as it was the last time that it was activated in the autumn of 1993 against the parliament.In Russia, the term "in operative subordination" indicates that a regiment, brigade or division are supported at the expense of the Defense Ministry budget and their personnel are shown on the Ministry's "order of battle," not on that of any other agency, such as the GUO or SBP. Thus, since 1993 the 118th paratroop regiment, the 27th special-purpose motorized infantry brigade and an amphibious assault division, all regular military formations with armored personnel carriers, infantry combat vehicles, tanks, rocket launchers, etc., are now available to Generals Barsukov and Korzhakov for security purposes, without reference to the Defense Minister, General of the Army Pavel Grachev.
Members of the parliament's Security Committee charge that the GUO and SBP at this time have neither legislative nor judicial authority and operate solely under the executive authority of President Yeltsin. Security Committee chairman Viktor Ilyukhin has proposed altering Russian law to bring the GUO and SBP under the control of Stepashin's Federal Counterintelligence Service; however General Korzhakov has suggested merging the FSK into the GUO and SBP, in effect restoring the KGB.KGB - Committee for State Security, Soviet Union; reorganized in October and December 1991. Immediately after the attempted coup of August 1991, RSFSR President Boris Yeltsin began breaking up the KGB. Stage one was to rename the KGB the Agentstvo Federalnoy Bezopasnosti (AFB) [Agency for Federal Security] on November 26, 1991. The First Chief Directorate [foreign intelligence] under Yevgeny Primakov was made an independent organization, initially named the Central Intelligence Service. On December 18, 1991, by decree Boris Yeltsin renamed the foreign intelligence service the Sluzba Vneshnyaya Razvedka Rossiyi (SVRR) [Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (RFIS or FIS)].The KGB's Second Chief Directorate of KGB [counterintelligence and counterespionage], incorporating parts of the former KGB Third Directorate [counterintelligence, ensuring military loyalty] and Ninth Directorate [physical security of officials] were merged into the Interrepublican Security Service (ISS). Yeltsin then merged the ISS, the former USSR Internal Affairs Ministry and his own Russian Federal Security Agency into a superagency - the RSFSR Ministry of Security and Internal Affairs, headed by General Viktor Pavlovich Barannikov, who had no intelligence or security experience.
This superagency did not last long. In 1993, the former Second Chief Directorate was made the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) under Sergey Stepashin.KGB responsibilities also included "wet affairs" - assassinations of political opponents and defectors. Former KGB General Oleg Kalugin positively revels in his role in providing the Bulgarian Security Service with the umbrella gun that fired a pellet containing the deadly poison ricin into the leg of Bulgarian exile Georgi Markoff in 1977. Currently, Kalugin is teaching a course at the Catholic University in Washington, "Perspectives on the Collapse of the Soviet Union."MB - [Ministry of Security]. On January 24, 1992, Yeltsin decreed that the Agency for Federal Security consisting of the internal security and counterintelligence elements of the former KGB were now the Ministry of Security. By an edict of February 25, 1992, Yeltsin placed the Ministries of Security, Internal Affairs, Foreign Affairs and Justice directly under his office; the SVRR was put under presidential control on October 7, 1992. The Ministry of Security was abolished by a Yeltsin decree of December 21, 1993, on the grounds that as successor to the KGB it was "unreformable." In its place, he created a smaller service, the FSK. Other parts of the Security Ministry were transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and FAPSI.
MVD - Ministry of Internal Affairs.SBP - Security Service of the President. The SBP is headed by Boris Yeltsin's closest confidant, General Aleksandr Korzhakov. Korzhkov was assigned as Yeltsin's personal security man in 1985, when he was raised to the Politburo by Gorbachev. Korzhakov then stuck with Yeltsin through his political disgrace and removal from the Politburo. After the October 1993 tank attack on the parliamentary rebels, Yeltsin rewarded the efforts of his personal guards headed by Major General Aleksandr Korzhskov by transforming the guard section [part of the "Glavnoye Upravleniye Okhrany (GUO) from January 1992 until November 1993] into the SBP with the status of an independent federal agency. In December 1994, the SBP staged an ostentatious show of force when they raided the Most Bank in the center of Moscow and roughed up the bank's head, the opulent and flamboyant Vladimir Gusinskiy - as a general warning against supporting any rival to Yeltsin - a warning that was sufficient for Gusinskiy to send his wife and son urgently to Germany.
The SBP now is producing policy analysis and public statements on economic and social conditions and the war in Chechnya. The SBP has its own press office, headed by Andrey Oligov, yet remains a most mysterious and disturbing special service. The function of the SBP's press office is not to give out information, but to deal firmly with the press, to investigate publications writing about the security services and "work on" excessively curious authors. SBP press office officials in recent weeks have been circulating compromising material on certain Kremlin bureaucrats, members of the Duma and Moscow businessmen.There is no specific decree on record in the Kremlin's list of presidential ukases showing precisely how or when the SBP was formed and placed under the command of General Korzhakov, who reportedly was a mere major in October 1993 when he distinguished himself in the attack on the parliamentary White House. It is believed that it was separated out of the GUO in January or February 1994.SVRR - Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (RFIS or FIS) - formerly the First Chief Directorate of the KGB. The KGB was reorganized in October and December 1991 after the attempted coup of August. Yeltsin's first step was to rename the KGB the Agentstvo Federalnoy Bezopasnosti (AFB) [Agency for Federal Security] on November 26, 1991. The First Chief Directorate [foreign intelligence] under Yevgeny Primakov was made an independent organization, initially named the Central Intelligence Service. On December 18, 1991, by decree Yeltsin renamed the foreign intelligence service SVRR.
SOUTH AFRICA: BOSS - Bureau of Special Services - South Africa's former foreign intelligence service, nicknamed BOSS was held in thrall for decades by the powerful and relentless General H.J. "Lang Hendrik" van den Bergh. Linked to bombings and assassinations of South African communists and liberation fighters in exile, BOSS caused such intense resentment in the countries in which it operated, that in 1978, Van der Bergh was retired and the service restructured.NIS - National Intelligence Service - replaced the discredited BOSS. The NIS was led by Niel Barnard, an academic foreign-policy expert who seemed to correct some problems; but in retrospect it would appear that many changes were largely cosmetic.SASS - South African Secret Services - the NIS was reorganized again after the installation of a multiracial government in 1994.
Mike Louw is the present director general of the SASS. Recently, Louw said, "Many people have a negative perception of us as an element of the apartheid system. There is a general feeling of animosity and suspicion. We have to change that. In fact, we have shifted dramatically, in direction and nature."The present service has developed a different strategic perspective from that of the military, which believed communism was the primary bogey, and indeed to be fought first in places like Angola and Mozambique. The NIS, in secret dispatches and to the aggravation of its critics, insisted that a political solution at home was a prerequisite for peace and stability.Louw followed up his recent remarks with a statement that any other spymaster could make: "We need to establish our own identity. Intelligence is really an infamous form of work. That it has to be done by people of integrity is basic. So is loyalty to the country and dedication. We have worked very hard to build that culture here. Unfortunately, our image has a negative effect on recruiting, and the people we do attract can be attracted for the wrong reasons. That's why it can take up to six months to process a job application. We do polygraph and psychometric tests. We have to be sure we have the right people."
SPAIN: DGS - General Security Directorate - Spain's security and protection department was established in 1977, when Spain became a democratic constitutional monarchy after the death of Franco. Originally, the DGS was responsible for internal and external affairs; but later it was split into four services, the advantage being that, as in America and Britain, they can keep an eye on each others' activities.DIE - Division of Foreign Intelligence, Spanish foreign intelligence.DII - Division of Internal Intelligence, Spanish domestic intelligence service.DC - Counterintelligence Division - Spain's spy-catchers.
SWEDEN: Fst/Und - Defense Department General Staff/Intelligence Section. Sweden's controller of the MUST.MUS - Military Intelligence and Security Service - Sweden.SüPO - Security Police, Sweden's internal security agency. The current head of SüPO, Anders Eriksson, claims that the Russians are still spying on Sweden; but they are after industrial secrets. Spies serving Soviet authorities earlier are now returning to Sweden calling themselves "businessmen." Bugging telephones and fax machines is a common method. SüPO is aware of cases when spies have paid bribes to go through the garbage of well-known industrialists. In October 1994, when SüPO released its annual report, it noted that spying by the Russian military intelligence (GRU) had not decreased at all.TK - Security Committee, Swedish intelligence.
TURKEY: MIT - [Turkish] National Intelligence Organization [English language acronym "TNIO" also is used].
UKRAINE: GRU-Ukraine - Main Intelligence Administration of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. On July 6, 1993, Major General Oleksandr Skipalskyy was appointed chief of the organization. He has spent half his life in the "special forces." He was educated at the KGB College in Moscow; in 1990, he abandoned the CPSU. He was to have been fired on September 1, 1991; but because of the attempted Moscow coup, he became chief of the Counterespionage Administration at the Ukrainian National Security Service. In July 1993, he was transferred to the Defense Ministry to lead the military intelligence service.
SBU - Security Service of Ukraine - Colonel General Valeriy Malikov is chief of SBU. He was born in 1942 in the town of Mariupol in Donetsk Oblast and graduated from Kharov University. He then was recruited by the local KGB. Malikov was approved as SBU chairman on July 12, 1994, by the Ukraine Supreme Council.
UNITED KINGDOM: DIS - Defence Intelligence Service. A part of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), the DIS is the elite political, economic and defense intelligence analytical unit that utilizes all sources of intelligence - signals intelligence from GCHQ, human intelligence from MI6, counterin- telligence from MI5, materials from the MoD's Joint Air Reconnaissance Centre at Brampton, Cambridgeshire, and materials gleamed from military attachees and overseas military missions. A study by former Chief of Defence Intelligence Sir Derek Boorman completed last fall recommended a cut of 20 million English pounds in the DIS budget of less than 70 million pounds.GCHQ - Government Communications Headquarters at Cheltenham - the most secretive of Britain's intelligence services, GCHQ, handles signals intelligence, electronic intelli- gence intercepts and code breaking.
With its satellite - linked dishes at Cheltenham and at outstations abroad, including Cyprus and Hong Kong, GCHQ monitors telecommu- nications and other electronic signals. It employs more people and spends more than MI5 and MI6 combined. The director of GCHQ is Sir John Adye. He reports to the Cabinet Office's Joint Intelligence Committee, whose members include the chiefs of the other British services. GCHQ has a cooperative relationship with the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). GCHQ, which employs some 6,000 people, is undergoing severe staff cuts. In 1994, 200 positions were closed and another 500 will be axed as part of a government cost-cutting program.MI5 - the Security Service - the United Kingdom's internal security and counterintelligence organization has only within the past few years been formally acknowledged as a part of the British government. MI5's current chief is Stella Rimington, a career spy catcher. MI5 is currently under attack from the regular police who feel it is about to move to take over investigations of drug trafficking based on a speech Rimington gave to the City of London Police on November 3, 1994, when she said MI5 would "where appropriate, use our intelligence resources to collect evidence in support of a prosecution." Critics of the monarchy see danger from the fact that MI5 is not part of the Civil Service and that it's motto, Regnum Defende [In defense of the Realm], implies it would defend the Crown against Parliament. MI5, which took over the counterterrorism responsibilities of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch in 1992, lacks arrest powers and must call in the Special Branch whenever arrests are to be made.MI6 - Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) - the foreign intelligence service of the United Kingdom.
The great shadow over MI6 is its penetration by the five Cambridge spies in the 1940s and early 1950s - Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, Harold "Kim" Philby, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross. In more recent years, MI6 handled KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky as an "agent in place" for a decade. Then, when he came under suspicion as a result of Aldrich Ames at CIA and was recalled to Moscow, MI6 was able to spirit Gordievsky out of the country.
